white led step-up converter lm1937 features ? inherently matched led current ? high efficiency: 84% typical ? drives up to four leds from a 3.2v supply ? drives up to six leds from a 5v supply ? 36v rugged bipolar switch ? fast 1.2mhz switching frequency ? uses tiny 1mm tall inductors ? requires only 0.22f output capacitor ? moisture sensitivity level 3 application s ? cellular phones ? pdas, handheld computers ? digital cameras ? mp3 players ? gps receivers ordering information description typical application circui t figure 1. li-ion powered driver for three white leds jul. 2010 - rev. 1.1.1 htc - 1 - package marking device LM1937SF5 1937 sot-23 5l the lm1937 is a step-up dc/dc converter specifically designed to drive white leds with a constant current. the device can drive two, three or four leds in series from a li-ion cell. series connection of the leds provides identical led currents resulting in uniform brightness and eliminating the need for ballast resistors. the output capacitor can be as small as 0.22f, saving space versus alternative solutions. a low 95mv feedback voltage minimizes power loss for better efficiency. sot-23 5l (sot-25) 1.sw 2.gnd 3.fb 4.shdn 5.vin
white led step-up converter lm1937 pin description block diagram htc - 2 - absolute maximum rating (note 1) input voltage (vin) 10 v sw voltage 36 v fb voltage 10 v shdn voltage 10 v operating temperature (topr) -40 ~ +85 c maximum junction temperature 125 c storage temperature (tstg) -65 ~+125 c lead temperature (soldering, 5 sec) 260 c
white led step-up converter lm1937 htc - 3 - operation the lm1937 uses a constant frequency, current mode control scheme to provide excellent line and load regulation. operation can be best understood by referring to the block diagram in figure 2. at the start of each oscillator cycle, the sr latch is set, which turns on the power switch q1. a voltage proportional to the switch current is added to a stabilizing ramp and the resulting sum is fed into the positive terminal of the pwm comparator a2. when this voltage exceeds the level at the negative input of a2, the sr latch is reset turning off the power switch. the level at the negative input of a2 is set by the error amplifier a1, and is simply an amplified version of the difference between the feedback voltage and the reference voltage of 95mv. in this manner, the error amplifier sets the correct peak current level to keep the output in regulation. if the error amplifier?s output increases, more current is delivered to the output; if it decreases, less current is delivered. minimum output current the lm1937 can regulate three series leds connected at low output currents, down to approximately 4ma from a 4.2v supply, without pulse skipping, using the same external components as specified for 15ma operation. as current is further reduced, the device will begin skipping pulses. this will result in some low frequency ripple, although the led current remains regulated on an average basis down to zero. shdn shdn shdn shdn shdn
white led step-up converter lm1937 htc - 4 - applications information inductor selection a 22mh inductor is recommended for most lm1937 applications. although small size and high efficiency are major concerns, the inductor should have low core losses at 1.2mhz and low dcr (copper wire resistance). some inductors in this category with small size are listed in table 1. the efficiency comparison of different inductors is shown in figure 3. table 1. recommended inductors figure 3. efficiency comparison of different inductors capacitor selection the small size of ceramic capacitors makes them ideal for lm1937 applications. x5r and x7r types are recommended because they retain their capacitance over wider voltage and temperature ranges than other types such as y5v or z5u. a 1f input capacitor and a 0.22f output capacitor are sufficient for most lm1937 applications. table 2. recommended ceramic capacitor manufacturers diode selection schottky diodes, with their low forward voltage drop and fast reverse recovery, are the ideal choices for lm1937 applications. the forward voltage drop of a schottky diode represents the conduction losses in the diode, while the diode capacitance (ct or cd) represents the switching losses. for diode selection, both forward voltage drop and diode capacitance need to be considered. schottky diodes with higher current ratings usually have lower forward voltage drop and larger diode capacitance, which can cause significant switching losses at the 1.2mhz switching frequency of the lm1937. a schottky diode rated at 100ma to 200ma is sufficient for most lm1937 applications. some recommended schottky diodes are listed in table 3. table 3. recommended schottky diodes
white led step-up converter lm1937 htc - 5 - led current control the led current is controlled by the feedback resistor (r1 in figure 1). the feedback reference is 95mv. the led current is 95mv/r1. in order to have accurate led current, precision resistors are preferred (1% is recommended). the formula and table for r1 selection are shown below. r1 = 95mv/iled table 4. r1 resistor value selection open-circuit protection in the cases of output open circuit, when the leds are disconnected from the circuit or the leds fail, the feedback voltage will be zero. the lm1937 will then switch at a high duty cycle resulting in a high output voltage, which may cause the sw pin voltage to exceed its maximum 36v rating. a zener diode can be used at the output to limit the voltage on the sw pin (figure 5). the zener voltage should be larger than the maximum forward voltage of the led string. the current rating of the zener should be larger than 0.1ma. figure 4. led driver with open-circuit protection dimming control there are four different types of dimming control circuits: 1. using a pwm signal to shdn pin with the pwm signal applied to theshdn pin, the lm1937 is turned on or off by the pwm signal. the leds operate at either zero or full current. the average led current increases proportionally with the duty cycle of the pwm signal. a 0% duty cycle will turn off the lm1937 and corresponds to zero led current. a 100% duty cycle corresponds to full current. the typical frequency range of the pwm signal is 1khz to 10khz. the magnitude of the pwm signal should be higher than the minimum shdn voltage high. 2. using a dc voltage for some applications, the preferred method of brightness control is a variable dc voltage to adjust the led current. the dimming control using a dc voltage is shown in figure 5. as the dc voltage increases, the voltage drop on r2 increases and the voltage drop on r1 decreases. thus, the led current decreases. the selection of r2 and r3 will make the current from the variable dc source much smaller than the led current and much larger than the fb pin bias current. for vdc range from 0v to 2v, the selection of resistors in figure 7 gives dimming control of led current from 0ma to 15ma. 3. using a filtered pwm signal the filtered pwm signal can be considered as an adjustable dc voltage. it can be used to replace the variable dc voltage source in dimming control. the circuit is shown in figure 6. figure 5. dimming control using a dc voltage
white led step-up converter lm1937 htc - 6 - figure 6. dimming control using a filtered pwm signal
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